How to read this evidence

Most peptide bioregulator research is preclinical and mechanistic, with a smaller body of human work. That is the honest state of the field. We label what is clinical, what is practitioner protocol, and what is community-level so you can weigh it yourself. Where a body of evidence leans on a single research group or an unpublished trial, we say so.

BPC-157

• Vasireddi N et al. 2025. Systematic review of BPC-157 in orthopaedic sports medicine. HSS Journal. 36 studies (35 preclinical, 1 clinical). DOI 10.1177/15563316251355551.
• Sikiric P et al. 2020. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Gut and Liver 14:153. PMID 31158953.
• Chang CH et al. 2014. BPC 157 enhances growth-hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. PMC6271067.
• Caveat worth sharing: roughly 80% of the BPC-157 literature comes from one group (Sikiric, Zagreb), and the Pliva Phase II ulcerative colitis trial was reported as safe and effective but never published in a peer-reviewed journal.

KPV

• Dalmasso G et al. 2008. PepT1-mediated KPV uptake reduces intestinal inflammation. Gastroenterology 134:166. PMID 18061177.
• Kannengiesser K et al. 2008. KPV in DSS and T-cell-transfer colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 14:324.
• Xiao B et al. 2017. Orally targeted KPV nanoparticles alleviate ulcerative colitis. Mol Ther 25:1628. PMID 28143741.
• Caveat: no published human RCT for oral KPV alone. Evidence is mechanistic plus animal models plus practitioner case series.

Epitalon

• Khavinson research program on pineal peptides and telomerase activation, with a 2025 replication of the telomerase effect.
• Effects on age-related melatonin decline and circadian restoration.
• See the Epitalon product page for the full reference list and the honest framing on longevity claims.

TB4 Frag

• Thymosin Beta-4 and the Ac-SDKP fragment: anti-fibrotic (TGF-beta/Smad) and macrophage-modulating mechanisms.
• Caveat: no Phase 2/3 human trials for the Ac-SDKP fragment specifically. See the product page.

Thymogen Alpha 1

• Khavinson identification of the Glu-Trp dipeptide as the active fragment of the thymic extract Thymalin.
• Important distinction: Thymogen is not identical to injectable Thymosin Alpha-1 (Zadaxin). It is the orally available short version that carries part of that immune-modulating signal. See the product page.